{"course":{"slug":"independent-creative","title":"Working for Yourself","url":"https://addaly.com/learn/independent-creative","level":"intermediate","track":"create"},"lesson":{"slug":"day-rate-project-retainer","title":"Four pricing models, and who carries the risk","url":"https://addaly.com/learn/independent-creative/day-rate-project-retainer","position":34,"of":84,"minutes":9,"answer":"Choose the model by asking who controls the scope (price time when the client directs the work day to day; price the project when you define the deliverable).","keyIdea":"Choose the model by asking who controls the scope (price time when the client directs the work day to day; price the project when you define the deliverable), because fix-pricing work whose direction somebody else changes is how a rate quietly halves."},"body":{"format":"markdown","text":"## Four models, and what each one actually prices\n\nIndependent creative work is sold in four shapes. They are not interchangeable, and choosing the wrong one for a given job is a common and expensive mistake.\n\n**Hourly** prices your time, tracked and billed after the fact. It transfers all the risk of overrun to the client, which is why clients dislike it and why it invites the worst question in the trade: \"how long will this take?\" It also penalises you for getting faster, which is the exact direction your career is supposed to go.\n\n**Day rate** prices a block of your availability. The unit is a day, usually with a minimum booking. It suits work where the client controls the direction and you supply capacity: agency subcontracting, on-site production, a week of retouching.\n\n**Project or fixed price** prices an outcome. You carry the risk of the estimate being wrong, and you keep the gain if you are efficient. This is the default for most direct client work and the reason is simple: it is the only model where getting better at your craft increases your effective hourly rate.\n\n**Retainer** prices ongoing access or a recurring quantity of work, paid monthly. It buys predictability for both sides.\n\n## Choosing between them\n\nThe question is: **who controls the scope?**\n\nIf the client controls it (they will direct you day to day, the brief will evolve, you are extending their team), price time. A day rate, or hourly for short, unpredictable tasks. Trying to fix-price work whose direction somebody else changes daily is how freelancers end up working for a third of their rate.\n\nIf you control it (you have defined the deliverable, you decide how to get there), price the project. You have taken on the estimating risk, which is why you are allowed the upside.\n\nA second question: **is the outcome or the time what the client is buying?** A founder buying an identity is buying an outcome and does not care whether it took you thirty hours or ninety. A production company that needs a compositor for the week is buying availability.\n\n## Hourly, and when it is right\n\nHourly has a bad reputation among freelancers, most of it deserved, but there are three situations where it is the honest answer.\n\n- **Open-ended maintenance.** Small ongoing amendments with no defined end.\n- **Work whose size cannot be assessed** until it is underway: fixing somebody else's broken files is the classic case.\n- **Clients who insist**, typically because their procurement system requires timesheets.\n\nIf you do work hourly, two defences matter. Set a **minimum billing unit** (fifteen or thirty minutes) so a two-minute email does not become unpaid. And quote a **not-to-exceed figure** so the client has a ceiling, which removes their main objection and protects you from an open argument later.\n\n## Day rates, and the arithmetic people get wrong\n\nA day rate is not your hourly rate times eight. It is higher, for reasons that are structural rather than greedy.\n\nA booked day is a day you cannot sell to anyone else, including the part of it you did not spend working. If a client books you for a day and uses five hours, the other three are gone. A day rate also absorbs the surrounding costs: the email before, the file delivery after, the context switching.\n\nTwo practical rules. **Set a minimum booking**: half a day at minimum, because a two-hour job fragments the day and effectively costs you the whole of it. And define what a day is: seven hours, eight, nine? Say it in writing, or you will discover the client's definition when the day becomes eleven hours.\n\n## Retainers, briefly\n\nThe mechanics of designing a retainer that survives are a subject of their own, but the choice to use one comes down to whether the work recurs. A retainer for work that appears erratically is a bad deal for whichever side guessed wrong, and both sides resent it within four months.\n\n## Mixing models in one project\n\nThis is normal and under-used. A single engagement can be fix-priced for the defined part and day-rated for the undefined part.\n\n> \"The identity is a fixed price of X. Any applications beyond the eight listed are charged at my day rate of Y, agreed in writing before they start.\"\n\nThis is honest about where the uncertainty lives, and it removes the pressure to inflate the fixed price to cover imaginable extras, which is what most freelancers do instead, and which loses them the job.\n\n## The invisible cost of the wrong model\n\nThe most common expensive mistake is fix-pricing work that the client controls.\n\nA freelancer quotes a fixed price for a website's visual design. The client then changes the structure three times because their own product is not settled. Each change is presented as a small adjustment. No individual change justifies a difficult conversation. The project takes three times the estimate and the effective rate falls below what the freelancer could earn subcontracting.\n\nThe fix is not better estimating. It is recognising at the quoting stage that the scope is not yours to control, and pricing time instead, or fixing the price only to a stage that ends before the uncertainty begins.\n\n## The limitation\n\nNo pricing model protects you from a scope you did not understand. Day rates get undercut by clients who book two days and expect four days of output. Fixed prices get eroded by revision creep. Retainers get treated as unlimited access.\n\nWhat the model choice does is decide **who carries the risk of the unknown**, and that is worth getting right deliberately rather than by habit. The freelancer who uses one model for everything is, by definition, taking the wrong side of that risk on about half their projects."},"check":{"question":"A freelancer fix-prices the visual design of a website. The client restructures the product three times during the project, each time presenting it as a small adjustment. The work takes three times the estimate. What was the actual error?","options":[{"text":"She failed to raise a change note for each restructure, so the cumulative overrun stayed invisible until it was too large to recover.","correct":false,"tempting":"Change notes are the right instrument once you are inside a fixed-price job, and would have helped, but they are a mitigation for a model that was wrong from the start."},{"text":"Her estimate was too optimistic, and a more experienced estimator would have built a contingency large enough to absorb three rounds of restructuring.","correct":false,"tempting":"Contingency helps with estimation error. It cannot cover a scope that keeps being redefined, because there is no size of buffer that bounds an open variable."},{"text":"She fixed a price on work whose scope the client controlled, so she took the estimating risk on a variable she could not influence.","correct":true},{"text":"She should have charged hourly, since hourly is the only model that protects a freelancer when a client changes direction repeatedly during a project.","correct":false,"tempting":"Right that time-based pricing fits here, but overstates it: a day rate does the same job without inviting the client to audit every hour."}]},"prev":{"slug":"saying-the-number","title":"What is your rate is not really a question about money","url":"https://addaly.com/learn/independent-creative/saying-the-number"},"next":{"slug":"the-retainer-that-works","title":"Designing a retainer that survives six months","url":"https://addaly.com/learn/independent-creative/the-retainer-that-works"},"authorship":"Founder and series editor: Dr Mustafa Mun. Written by AI models to a written standard. Exam keys checked blind by a second model: 3,665 of 3,666 agreed. Academic review invited.","review":{"status":"Draft, open for academic review"},"cite":"Addaly (2026) 'Four pricing models, and who carries the risk', in Working for Yourself. Edited by M. Mun. Addaly. Available at: https://addaly.com/learn/independent-creative/day-rate-project-retainer (Accessed: 13 October 2026).","licence":{"name":"CC BY-NC-SA 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"},"reader":{"schema":1,"title":"Four pricing models, and who carries the risk","courseTitle":"Working for Yourself","module":{"index":4,"slug":"the-money","title":"The money"},"answer":null,"keyIdea":"Choose the model by asking who controls the scope (price time when the client directs the work day to day; price the project when you define the deliverable), because fix-pricing work whose direction somebody else changes is how a rate quietly halves.","hero":{"kind":"plate","image":null,"alt":null,"caption":null},"blocks":[{"t":"h2","id":"four-models-and-what-each-one-actually-prices","runs":[{"text":"Four models, and what each one actually prices"}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"Independent creative work is sold in four shapes. They are not interchangeable, and choosing the wrong one for a given job is a common and expensive mistake."}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"Hourly","b":true},{"text":" prices your time, tracked and billed after the fact. It transfers all the risk of overrun to the client, which is why clients dislike it and why it invites the worst question in the trade: “how long will this take?” It also penalises you for getting faster, which is the exact direction your career is supposed to go."}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"Day rate","b":true},{"text":" prices a block of your availability. The unit is a day, usually with a minimum booking. It suits work where the client controls the direction and you supply capacity: agency subcontracting, on-site production, a week of retouching."}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"Project or fixed price","b":true},{"text":" prices an outcome. You carry the risk of the estimate being wrong, and you keep the gain if you are efficient. This is the default for most direct client work and the reason is simple: it is the only model where getting better at your craft increases your effective hourly rate."}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"Retainer","b":true},{"text":" prices ongoing access or a recurring quantity of work, paid monthly. It buys predictability for both sides."}]},{"t":"h2","id":"choosing-between-them","runs":[{"text":"Choosing between them"}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"The question is: "},{"text":"who controls the scope?","b":true}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"If the client controls it (they will direct you day to day, the brief will evolve, you are extending their team), price time. A day rate, or hourly for short, unpredictable tasks. Trying to fix-price work whose direction somebody else changes daily is how freelancers end up working for a third of their rate."}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"If you control it (you have defined the deliverable, you decide how to get there), price the project. You have taken on the estimating risk, which is why you are allowed the upside."}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"A second question: "},{"text":"is the outcome or the time what the client is buying?","b":true},{"text":" A founder buying an identity is buying an outcome and does not care whether it took you thirty hours or ninety. A production company that needs a compositor for the week is buying availability."}]},{"t":"h2","id":"hourly-and-when-it-is-right","runs":[{"text":"Hourly, and when it is right"}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"Hourly has a bad reputation among freelancers, most of it deserved, but there are three situations where it is the honest answer."}]},{"t":"ul","items":[[{"text":"Open-ended maintenance.","b":true},{"text":" Small ongoing amendments with no defined end."}],[{"text":"Work whose size cannot be assessed","b":true},{"text":" until it is underway: fixing somebody else’s broken files is the classic case."}],[{"text":"Clients who insist","b":true},{"text":", typically because their procurement system requires timesheets."}]]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"If you do work hourly, two defences matter. Set a "},{"text":"minimum billing unit","b":true},{"text":" (fifteen or thirty minutes) so a two-minute email does not become unpaid. And quote a "},{"text":"not-to-exceed figure","b":true},{"text":" so the client has a ceiling, which removes their main objection and protects you from an open argument later."}]},{"t":"h2","id":"day-rates-and-the-arithmetic-people-get-wrong","runs":[{"text":"Day rates, and the arithmetic people get wrong"}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"A day rate is not your hourly rate times eight. It is higher, for reasons that are structural rather than greedy."}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"A booked day is a day you cannot sell to anyone else, including the part of it you did not spend working. If a client books you for a day and uses five hours, the other three are gone. A day rate also absorbs the surrounding costs: the email before, the file delivery after, the context switching."}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"Two practical rules. "},{"text":"Set a minimum booking","b":true},{"text":": half a day at minimum, because a two-hour job fragments the day and effectively costs you the whole of it. And define what a day is: seven hours, eight, nine? Say it in writing, or you will discover the client’s definition when the day becomes eleven hours."}]},{"t":"h2","id":"retainers-briefly","runs":[{"text":"Retainers, briefly"}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"The mechanics of designing a retainer that survives are a subject of their own, but the choice to use one comes down to whether the work recurs. A retainer for work that appears erratically is a bad deal for whichever side guessed wrong, and both sides resent it within four months."}]},{"t":"h2","id":"mixing-models-in-one-project","runs":[{"text":"Mixing models in one project"}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"This is normal and under-used. A single engagement can be fix-priced for the defined part and day-rated for the undefined part."}]},{"t":"quote","runs":[{"text":"“The identity is a fixed price of X. Any applications beyond the eight listed are charged at my day rate of Y, agreed in writing before they start.”"}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"This is honest about where the uncertainty lives, and it removes the pressure to inflate the fixed price to cover imaginable extras, which is what most freelancers do instead, and which loses them the job."}]},{"t":"h2","id":"the-invisible-cost-of-the-wrong-model","runs":[{"text":"The invisible cost of the wrong model"}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"The most common expensive mistake is fix-pricing work that the client controls."}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"A freelancer quotes a fixed price for a website’s visual design. The client then changes the structure three times because their own product is not settled. Each change is presented as a small adjustment. No individual change justifies a difficult conversation. The project takes three times the estimate and the effective rate falls below what the freelancer could earn subcontracting."}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"The fix is not better estimating. It is recognising at the quoting stage that the scope is not yours to control, and pricing time instead, or fixing the price only to a stage that ends before the uncertainty begins."}]},{"t":"h2","id":"the-limitation","runs":[{"text":"The limitation"}],"role":"limit"},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"No pricing model protects you from a scope you did not understand. Day rates get undercut by clients who book two days and expect four days of output. Fixed prices get eroded by revision creep. Retainers get treated as unlimited access."}]},{"t":"p","runs":[{"text":"What the model choice does is decide "},{"text":"who carries the risk of the unknown","b":true},{"text":", and that is worth getting right deliberately rather than by habit. The freelancer who uses one model for everything is, by definition, taking the wrong side of that risk on about half their projects."}]}],"check":{"question":[{"text":"A freelancer fix-prices the visual design of a website. The client restructures the product three times during the project, each time presenting it as a small adjustment. The work takes three times the estimate. What was the actual error?"}],"options":[{"text":[{"text":"She failed to raise a change note for each restructure, so the cumulative overrun stayed invisible until it was too large to recover."}],"correct":false,"tempting":[{"text":"Change notes are the right instrument once you are inside a fixed-price job, and would have helped, but they are a mitigation for a model that was wrong from the start."}]},{"text":[{"text":"Her estimate was too optimistic, and a more experienced estimator would have built a contingency large enough to absorb three rounds of restructuring."}],"correct":false,"tempting":[{"text":"Contingency helps with estimation error. It cannot cover a scope that keeps being redefined, because there is no size of buffer that bounds an open variable."}]},{"text":[{"text":"She fixed a price on work whose scope the client controlled, so she took the estimating risk on a variable she could not influence."}],"correct":true,"tempting":null},{"text":[{"text":"She should have charged hourly, since hourly is the only model that protects a freelancer when a client changes direction repeatedly during a project."}],"correct":false,"tempting":[{"text":"Right that time-based pricing fits here, but overstates it: a day rate does the same job without inviting the client to audit every hour."}]}],"order":[3,0,1,2],"why":null},"prev":{"slug":"saying-the-number","title":"What is your rate is not really a question about money","minutes":9},"next":{"slug":"the-retainer-that-works","title":"Designing a retainer that survives six months","minutes":9}}}