In the department, we see Stage I as in-principle clearance for the diversion of forest land, and Stage II as final approval after fulfilling conditions—but the paperwork often moves slower than a winter river, beta. NPV, or Net Present Value, is the calculated cost of forest lost, and compensatory afforestation is meant to replace it elsewhere. Yet, from my beat in the hills, I see the money collected and the saplings planted, but the new patch rarely matches the old, mature forest we cut... the soil here remembers the roots we remove.
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