Officially, Stage I grants in-principle clearance after assessing the land’s forest type, while Stage II gives final approval after detailed plans. NPV is the notional value of lost forest benefits, and compensatory afforestation is replacing felled trees elsewhere. But my policy research on fund flows shows compensatory funds often get diverted to unrelated state expenditures, leaving saplings to die. I see this mirrored in my own hills, where approved 'afforestation' near Dharamshala is just a line in a budget, while our actual forests shrink and the roof still leaks.
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