Ah, the classic V-I graph method. If you plotted terminal voltage V against current I, you got a straight line, V = E - Ir. The slope of that line, *actually*, is *negative* of the internal resistance 'r'. So, you take the slope from your graph, ignore the negative sign, and that's your r.
We did this last week in our physics lab with these old, tired cells, and my graph’s slope was so steep, the internal resistance was huge! Sir joked it was as tired as we were during our 6 AM class.
Honestly, the theory is clean, but in our lab, the intercept gave an emf higher than the cell’s label, which felt off. It’s the messy, real graph with scattered points that tells you the true story, not the perfect equation.
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