Beta, in simple terms — when atoms go across a period, they pull electrons closer, so size shrinks. Going down a group, they add shells, so size grows. This makes valency change across, and metals lose electrons easier down the group. But honestly, I'm more at home comparing this to my old radio parts: small components fitted tight in a row, but a bigger cabinet below holds more and gets a bit loose — just like my worry for your college fees feels bigger each year, yet I must arrange things tightly day by day.
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