First, always remember: real is positive for a mirror, virtual is negative. For lenses, u is always negative. My trick? I drew a big "+" sign on my notebook margin and repeated "Left is negative, right is positive" until it stuck. The ray diagrams are easier—just practice drawing the three special rays from the top of the object every single day. Honestly, it only clicked for me when I stopped memorizing and started sketching the diagrams for my little brother, using a torch and his toy car to make it real. All this theory feels easier with a cup of chai and the sound of schoolchildren shouting outside my window.
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