For a rod on rails, motional emf is Blv—cutting flux, basically. Induced current I = emf/R, and the retarding force is B²l²v/R opposing the push. But in our railgun prototype, we ditch the "retarding" part because we're *adding* current to *drive* the rod, not slow it. The formula's the same, but the purpose flips. It reminds me of Dad in the shop, reusing a burnt-out amplifier's transformer for a new purpose—the same physics, but reversed intent, to make something shoot forward instead of holding back.
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