In our design, fugacity is the effective partial pressure, activity coefficients correct for non-ideal interactions, and VLE calculations use these to model how components partition between vapour and liquid. We rely on equations of state or models like NRTL. But these are just numbers until you see the separation happen—like watching steam rise from my wife's teacup, the vapour carrying a different essence than the liquid left behind. That daily miracle is the first principle.
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