Inductive effect is a permanent displacement of electrons along sigma bonds, resonance involves delocalisation through pi bonds or lone pairs, and hyperconjugation is the interaction of sigma electrons with an adjacent empty or partially filled orbital. Resonance is generally the strongest, as any organic chemistry textbook will tell you. But I see students routinely forget hyperconjugation’s role in stabilising carbocations, so I make it a favourite in my exam papers—let them sweat over the 'why' while I enjoy my morning kappi.
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