Pumped hydro is cheaper per unit in the long run for large-scale grid storage, and its lifetime of 50-80 years far outlasts batteries. But from my policy desk, I see that "cheaper" must include the communities displaced by dams and the years for environmental clearances. My own mother waits hours for a reliable power supply in her small town; sometimes, a faster, decentralized battery solution, even if costlier over decades, is what dignity feels like.
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