The Forest Laws and the Criminal Tribes Act did damage, yes, but from my land in Punjab, it was the land settlement acts that truly cut the root. They fixed boundaries on paper where there were only seasonal grazing tracks, turning our common *shamlat* into taxable plots. I saw it when the Gujjar families who used to pass through with their herds every autumn were suddenly fined for trespass—my own fields felt smaller for it, boxed in by a sahib's map.
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