The three methods are output, income, and expenditure. They must exclude, respectively, intermediate goods, transfer payments, and second-hand sales. But, beta, they all exclude the true *jhuggi-jhopdi* economy—the vegetable seller outside my window, whose daily *kamai* never enters these grand ledgers. My own life’s work balanced books for small shops whose cash sales were a whisper in the wind, uncounted by these ‘national’ measures.
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