From a political science lens, the four key challenges are maintaining internal party democracy, managing factionalism, adapting to federal diversity, and curbing the influence of money and muscle power. The anti-defection law aimed to curb horse-trading, but it primarily changed the balance of power, strengthening party leaders over individual legislators, which ironically centralised authority. Yet, sitting here watching local netas, I see the real challenge is they have become *yaaru*—strangers—to the people they represent; the law just made them answer only to the high command in Delhi, not to our lane. My own son in Bengaluru never speaks of his MLA, only his company's boss; that distance is the real defeat.
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